Introduction Descriptions of Perineal cystolithotomy can be found in ancient Indian, Chinese, Babylonian, and Greek medical texts. An Egyptian excavation revealed the oldest bladder stone, which dates to around 4800 BCE, in the grave of a 16-year-old boy. In 1901, the English archaeologist Edwin Smith reported the discovery of a bladder stone in a mummy from El Amrah, Egypt, estimated…
1. Introduction By the second century CE, the Roman Empire had become a vast arena of cultural exchange and intellectual synthesis. Greek philosophical medicine—rooted in classical medical corpus—had merged with Roman empiricism and Stoic ethics to produce a new medical humanism. Within this context, a prominent physician-philosopher of antiquity emerged as the most influential figure of the era, shaping medical…
The integration of phytochemicals into pharmaceutical development represents a paradigm shift toward more sustainable and economically viable therapeutic solutions. Phytochemicals, defined as bioactive compounds found in plants, have emerged as key players in promoting health and preventing diseases, with their natural occurrence in fruits, vegetables, grains, and seed oils making them inherently safer for consumption [1, 2]. The global phytochemicals…
1. Introduction Reptile Gel is an innovative topical solution for erectile dysfunction (ED), designed to offer a fast-acting, non-invasive, and drug-free alternative to traditional treatments.[1] Unlike oral medications, which require systemic absorption and may cause side effects, Reptile Gel works through a physical evaporative cooling mechanism that stimulates nerve endings in the glans penis, triggering vasodilation and increased blood flow.[2]…
Introduction: Neonatal hypoglycemia remains one of the most frequently encountered and clinically significant metabolic issues in newborns, particularly in those with identifiable risk factors. It results from the neonate’s immature ability to regulate blood glucose after separation from the maternal circulation. Since glucose is the brain’s primary energy source and neonatal brain metabolism is exceptionally high, inadequate glucose levels can…
IntroductionDiabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, originates from the Greek word diabino, meaning “to pass through,” referring to the excessive excretion of glucose in urine. It is a chronic metabolic and, in some cases, autoimmune disorder characterized by persistently elevated blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both [1]. When blood sugar…
Introduction Unani medicine, derived from the Greek word “Yunani” meaning Greek, represents one of the world’s oldest and most comprehensive traditional medical systems. This holistic healing system encompasses a complete philosophy of health and disease, emphasizing the balance of four humors (Akhlat-e-Arba): Dam (blood), Balgham (phlegm), Safra (yellow bile), and Sauda (black bile) (Khan et al., 2013). The system’s therapeutic…
Introduction: Venous ulcerations represent chronic, non-healing wounds of the lower extremities that constitute a prevalent clinical manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency. In the absence of appropriate therapeutic intervention, these ulcerative lesions may precipitate severe complications, including secondary bacterial infections and compromised patient mobility [1]. Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) function as late-stage clinical indicators of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and venous…
INTRODUCTION Bangladesh is a welfare state where the constitution guarantees the right to life as a fundamental right for all it’s citizens as per Articles 27 to 46 of the constitution of Bangladesh [1]. This means that all Bangladeshi citizens are assured of healthcare by their government. The country has experienced huge expansion in it’s healthcare system and pharmaceutical sector…
1. Introduction Over the past few years, worldwide consumption of energy has been steadily rising as a result of growing urbanisation and industrialisation [3]. The main energy source is still traditional fossil fuels such coal, oil, and natural gas [34]. Utilising sustainable and renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, tidal hydropower, and biomass, is necessary to address the world’s…
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