Apigenin ‘s Dual Action on Pain and Inflammation: Mechanistic Insights Through NO, COX, and Oxidative Stress Pathways

Flavonoids constitute a broad class of naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds that are widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, herbs, and medicinal plants. These bioactive compounds are well recognized for their diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activities [1]. Due to their significant therapeutic potential and relatively low toxicity, flavonoids have attracted considerable scientific attention as promising candidates…