INTRODUCTION Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual bleeding in women of reproductive age [1, 2] and is classified into two types: primary and secondary. Primary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menarche by 14 years of age in the absence of secondary sexual characteristics, or the absence of menses by 16 years of age in the presence of normal…
1. Introduction By the second century CE, the Roman Empire had become a vast arena of cultural exchange and intellectual synthesis. Greek philosophical medicine—rooted in classical medical corpus—had merged with Roman empiricism and Stoic ethics to produce a new medical humanism. Within this context, a prominent physician-philosopher of antiquity emerged as the most influential figure of the era, shaping medical…
The integration of phytochemicals into pharmaceutical development represents a paradigm shift toward more sustainable and economically viable therapeutic solutions. Phytochemicals, defined as bioactive compounds found in plants, have emerged as key players in promoting health and preventing diseases, with their natural occurrence in fruits, vegetables, grains, and seed oils making them inherently safer for consumption [1, 2]. The global phytochemicals…
IntroductionDiabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, originates from the Greek word diabino, meaning “to pass through,” referring to the excessive excretion of glucose in urine. It is a chronic metabolic and, in some cases, autoimmune disorder characterized by persistently elevated blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both [1]. When blood sugar…
Introduction Unani medicine, derived from the Greek word “Yunani” meaning Greek, represents one of the world’s oldest and most comprehensive traditional medical systems. This holistic healing system encompasses a complete philosophy of health and disease, emphasizing the balance of four humors (Akhlat-e-Arba): Dam (blood), Balgham (phlegm), Safra (yellow bile), and Sauda (black bile) (Khan et al., 2013). The system’s therapeutic…
INTRODUCTION Bangladesh is a welfare state where the constitution guarantees the right to life as a fundamental right for all it’s citizens as per Articles 27 to 46 of the constitution of Bangladesh [1]. This means that all Bangladeshi citizens are assured of healthcare by their government. The country has experienced huge expansion in it’s healthcare system and pharmaceutical sector…
1. Introduction Over the past few years, worldwide consumption of energy has been steadily rising as a result of growing urbanisation and industrialisation [3]. The main energy source is still traditional fossil fuels such coal, oil, and natural gas [34]. Utilising sustainable and renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, tidal hydropower, and biomass, is necessary to address the world’s…
Belching (Jushā or Ḍakār) is a common physiological process in which air from the stomach is expelled through the mouth. While often benign, persistent or excessive belching is regarded in Unani medicine as a sign of underlying gastric or systemic imbalance. Traditional Unani physicians interpreted belching not merely as a mechanical expulsion of gas but as a diagnostic symptom, reflecting…
Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most relevant and high-risk diseases in the world’s population, thus increasing the cases of mortality derived from cardiovascular problems in people. the risk factors within this problem have been studied in such a way that more accessible solutions can be found for those who suffer from it. Derived from that there are different alternatives…
Traditional medicine is represented by the various knowledge systems and practices evolving over generations within cultures. They are deeply related to the basic understanding of natural resources and how they interact with human physiology. Traditional medicine would include herbal remedies, acupuncture, Ayurveda, TCM, indigenous healing, and many other forms of holistic medicine [1]. Traditional medicine, in one form or the…
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